The Five Practices
Learning to read begins at birth. Parents, caregivers, and librarians can reinforce and help grow brain connections through five practices that will help a child develop the foundation for reading. Practiced regularly, these activities will help a child develop the six early literacy skills and be prepared to learn to read.
The single most important activity for building the knowledge required for eventual success in reading is reading aloud to children.
Print Motivation
The more fun a child has reading books, the more likely they will become an independent reader. Read all types of books that a child might enjoy, including pop-ups, wordless books, fiction, and non-fiction.
Print Awareness
Children who spend time with books gradually learn the book basics that will allow them to jump right into reading when they are in school.
Letter Knowledge
Learning letter names, shapes, and sounds is a building block to being able to sound out words on a page. Reading books and looking at letters throughout is a great way to help children make the connection between letters and words. Shapes are the precursor to letters so even the youngest children are preparing to learn letters by learning their shapes!
Vocabulary
Picture book texts have a higher incidence of rare and less common words than typical conversations. Multiple readings of picture books provide children with repeated exposure to new words. Providing short definitions can help children learn new words while you read.
Phonological Awareness
Language games such as rhyming, tongue twisters, and playing with syllables help children begin to learn phonological awareness. Rhyming books, books that incorporate songs, and nursery rhymes all help build these skills.
Narrative Skills
Conversation before, during, and after stories, retelling, and asking children open-ended questions all help children think about the story they just read and learn sequencing, which all help build comprehension skills.
Print Motivation
The more fun a child has reading books, the more likely they will become an independent reader. Read all types of books that a child might enjoy, including pop-ups, wordless books, fiction, and non-fiction.
Print Awareness
Children who spend time with books gradually learn the book basics that will allow them to jump right into reading when they are in school.
Letter Knowledge
Learning letter names, shapes, and sounds is a building block to being able to sound out words on a page. Reading books and looking at letters throughout is a great way to help children make the connection between letters and words. Shapes are the precursor to letters so even the youngest children are preparing to learn letters by learning their shapes!
Vocabulary
Picture book texts have a higher incidence of rare and less common words than typical conversations. Multiple readings of picture books provide children with repeated exposure to new words. Providing short definitions can help children learn new words while you read.
Phonological Awareness
Language games such as rhyming, tongue twisters, and playing with syllables help children begin to learn phonological awareness. Rhyming books, books that incorporate songs, and nursery rhymes all help build these skills.
Narrative Skills
Conversation before, during, and after stories, retelling, and asking children open-ended questions all help children think about the story they just read and learn sequencing, which all help build comprehension skills.
There is a strong connection between reading and writing. When children are given a chance to explore scribbling, draw pictures, and tell stories, they are learning to read.
Print Motivation
When children have a chance to do their own writing, they have a chance to feel connected to print in a different way than when they are listening to a story. Being an active participant in writing helps keep children excited about reading stories.
Print Awareness
Drawing pictures and attempting to write letters and words help a child develop print awareness. When children do this, they have made the leap to understanding that marks on a page can carry meaning.
Letter Knowledge
Allowing children to practice making lines, curves, and circles will later inspire them to write letters on purpose. Children sometimes will make marks or a scribble, look at it, and then identify letters that they see. “Look, I made a T!”
Vocabulary
Caregivers can prompt discussions by modeling writing for their children, and then discussing what they are writing and why. Talking about grocery lists, emails, or to-do lists provides opportunities to increase a child's vocabulary while also encouraging writing.
Narrative Skills
Some of the first stages of writing involve drawing pictures and then telling stories about what the pictures represent. Encourage a child's narrative skills by saying, “Tell me about this picture!” or “What's happening in this picture?”
Phonological Awareness
Preschool aged children often begin to make intentional marks on paper and write "messages" using "inventive spelling." They are thinking very carefully about the sounds that they hear and the letters that they know and putting them into their writing.
Print Motivation
When children have a chance to do their own writing, they have a chance to feel connected to print in a different way than when they are listening to a story. Being an active participant in writing helps keep children excited about reading stories.
Print Awareness
Drawing pictures and attempting to write letters and words help a child develop print awareness. When children do this, they have made the leap to understanding that marks on a page can carry meaning.
Letter Knowledge
Allowing children to practice making lines, curves, and circles will later inspire them to write letters on purpose. Children sometimes will make marks or a scribble, look at it, and then identify letters that they see. “Look, I made a T!”
Vocabulary
Caregivers can prompt discussions by modeling writing for their children, and then discussing what they are writing and why. Talking about grocery lists, emails, or to-do lists provides opportunities to increase a child's vocabulary while also encouraging writing.
Narrative Skills
Some of the first stages of writing involve drawing pictures and then telling stories about what the pictures represent. Encourage a child's narrative skills by saying, “Tell me about this picture!” or “What's happening in this picture?”
Phonological Awareness
Preschool aged children often begin to make intentional marks on paper and write "messages" using "inventive spelling." They are thinking very carefully about the sounds that they hear and the letters that they know and putting them into their writing.
Print Motivation
Children love singing. A great option to encourage not only reading, but also singing, is to read books that can be sung. These can include nursery rhymes, books that promote singing, or books that can be sung to a specific tune.
Print Awareness
A foundational early literacy skill is understanding that print has meaning. To help children make this connection, print out lyrics to favorite songs or read books that can be sung.
Letter Knowledge
Letter knowledge is, at base, a shape recognition skill, so any rhyme or song that talks about how things are the same and different can help build skills children will need to identify letters. Of course, the ABC Song helps them learn letter names and alphabetical order!
Vocabulary
Just like books, songs have great vocabulary words. Hearing new words in context helps children build their vocabularies. In addition, songs have a long tradition of being used as memory boosters! How did you first learn to say the letters of the alphabet?
Phonological Awareness
Listening to and singing songs is one of the best ways for children to build their phonological awareness because often each syllable of a word connects to a note. In addition, many songs and rhymes have rhyming words. Singing and rhyming help children hear the smaller parts of words.
Narrative Skills
Many Mother Goose and other childhood songs are little stories, and listening to them helps children learn about story structure and sequencing. Even silly songs like “Little Bunny Foo Foo” have a beginning, a problem in the middle, and a resolution at the end. When children sing these songs, they become storytellers.
Children love singing. A great option to encourage not only reading, but also singing, is to read books that can be sung. These can include nursery rhymes, books that promote singing, or books that can be sung to a specific tune.
Print Awareness
A foundational early literacy skill is understanding that print has meaning. To help children make this connection, print out lyrics to favorite songs or read books that can be sung.
Letter Knowledge
Letter knowledge is, at base, a shape recognition skill, so any rhyme or song that talks about how things are the same and different can help build skills children will need to identify letters. Of course, the ABC Song helps them learn letter names and alphabetical order!
Vocabulary
Just like books, songs have great vocabulary words. Hearing new words in context helps children build their vocabularies. In addition, songs have a long tradition of being used as memory boosters! How did you first learn to say the letters of the alphabet?
Phonological Awareness
Listening to and singing songs is one of the best ways for children to build their phonological awareness because often each syllable of a word connects to a note. In addition, many songs and rhymes have rhyming words. Singing and rhyming help children hear the smaller parts of words.
Narrative Skills
Many Mother Goose and other childhood songs are little stories, and listening to them helps children learn about story structure and sequencing. Even silly songs like “Little Bunny Foo Foo” have a beginning, a problem in the middle, and a resolution at the end. When children sing these songs, they become storytellers.
Print Motivation
When someone asks a child questions about the stories they read together, the more easily that child can make connections between the books and his/her own life. This gets children excited to read more books.
Print Awareness
Talking about print that is all around helps children learn that print has meaning. The print can be in books, on signs, or anywhere else in the environment. By helping a child notice the print and subsequently talking about the print together help a child get ready to read.
Letter Knowledge
Children need to know three things about letters: the names, the shape, and the sounds they make. Naming letters on signs, pointing out letter shapes in sidewalk cracks or buildings, and voicing letter sounds while interacting are all ways to make these connections.
Vocabulary
The more words children hear in conversations during their early childhoods, the larger their vocabulary will be when they go to school. That big vocabulary helps children recognize words when they see them for the first time in print.
Phonological Awareness
Playing rhyming and letter sound games can help children learn the structural sounds of words.
Narrative Skills
When children listen to stories orally, they learn the structure of a story. This helps them begin to tell their own stories. Listening to adults talk about their lives also helps children build background knowledge, which they can use later to help them comprehend new ideas.
When someone asks a child questions about the stories they read together, the more easily that child can make connections between the books and his/her own life. This gets children excited to read more books.
Print Awareness
Talking about print that is all around helps children learn that print has meaning. The print can be in books, on signs, or anywhere else in the environment. By helping a child notice the print and subsequently talking about the print together help a child get ready to read.
Letter Knowledge
Children need to know three things about letters: the names, the shape, and the sounds they make. Naming letters on signs, pointing out letter shapes in sidewalk cracks or buildings, and voicing letter sounds while interacting are all ways to make these connections.
Vocabulary
The more words children hear in conversations during their early childhoods, the larger their vocabulary will be when they go to school. That big vocabulary helps children recognize words when they see them for the first time in print.
Phonological Awareness
Playing rhyming and letter sound games can help children learn the structural sounds of words.
Narrative Skills
When children listen to stories orally, they learn the structure of a story. This helps them begin to tell their own stories. Listening to adults talk about their lives also helps children build background knowledge, which they can use later to help them comprehend new ideas.
Print Motivation
Exposing children to many genres and topics can get your child excited about books and build background knowledge for playtime. Parents can also follow their child's interest by bringing home books about topics their child is interested in and likes to act out.
Print Awareness
Play time can be an opportunity to show children that print is used in a wide variety of ways. Drivers use maps, chefs use recipes, shoppers use lists. The more children see writing in their play props, the more they learn that print is something that is all around them.
Letter Knowledge
Children learn through all of their senses, so exploration of shapes and letter forms via puzzles, play dough, sensory tables, and body movements all help children build their letter knowledge. Sorting games and matching activities directly involve shape recognition and prepare children to recognize small differences in letters.
Vocabulary
As children play, they often discuss their scenarios, actions and props. “This stick is the magic wand and I’m going to turn you into a butterfly.” This gives them a chance to practice new vocabulary. They also learn new words when an adult introduces new ideas. “What would you like for dessert? Would you like cake or a sundae? A sundae is ice cream in a bowl with chocolate sauce and sprinkles on top.”
Phonological Awareness
Singing isn’t the only way to build phonological awareness skills; chanting games (“Who Stole the Cookies from the Cookie Jar?”), clapping games (“Miss Mary Mack”), and rhyming games (“Down By the Bay”) all contribute to this as well, by highlighting the rhythms and sounds of oral language, and involving the whole body.
Narrative Skills
When children act out stories they know, either as a play or with props or puppets, they practice sequencing events. They also are exploring and investigating story structure. Oral language is the critical component that helps build narrative skills. This includes talking about their play, describing what they are doing, negotiating roles, and discussing props.
Exposing children to many genres and topics can get your child excited about books and build background knowledge for playtime. Parents can also follow their child's interest by bringing home books about topics their child is interested in and likes to act out.
Print Awareness
Play time can be an opportunity to show children that print is used in a wide variety of ways. Drivers use maps, chefs use recipes, shoppers use lists. The more children see writing in their play props, the more they learn that print is something that is all around them.
Letter Knowledge
Children learn through all of their senses, so exploration of shapes and letter forms via puzzles, play dough, sensory tables, and body movements all help children build their letter knowledge. Sorting games and matching activities directly involve shape recognition and prepare children to recognize small differences in letters.
Vocabulary
As children play, they often discuss their scenarios, actions and props. “This stick is the magic wand and I’m going to turn you into a butterfly.” This gives them a chance to practice new vocabulary. They also learn new words when an adult introduces new ideas. “What would you like for dessert? Would you like cake or a sundae? A sundae is ice cream in a bowl with chocolate sauce and sprinkles on top.”
Phonological Awareness
Singing isn’t the only way to build phonological awareness skills; chanting games (“Who Stole the Cookies from the Cookie Jar?”), clapping games (“Miss Mary Mack”), and rhyming games (“Down By the Bay”) all contribute to this as well, by highlighting the rhythms and sounds of oral language, and involving the whole body.
Narrative Skills
When children act out stories they know, either as a play or with props or puppets, they practice sequencing events. They also are exploring and investigating story structure. Oral language is the critical component that helps build narrative skills. This includes talking about their play, describing what they are doing, negotiating roles, and discussing props.